Engel v. Vitale Precedents:

1. Zorach v. Clauson (1952): The Court commented that: "We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being."
2. McGowan v. Maryland (1961): The Court ruled that "if a religious leaven is to be worked into the affairs of our people, itis to be done by individuals and groups, not by the Government."
3. West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette (1943): The Court ruled that "those who object to reciting (...) prayer must be entirely free of any compulsion to do so, including any embarrassments and pressures."