Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): The Court ruled that denial of the Assistance of Counsel is a violation of the Sixth Amendment.

Crooker v. California (1958): The Court ruled that a confession was admissible even though it was obtained after the defendant had requested the assistance of counsel, which was denied.

Massiah v. U.S. (1964): The Court observed that anything less (than guaranteeing a defendant of the aid of counsel during interrogation) might deny a defendant effective representation by counsel at the only stage when legal aid and advice would help him.

Cicenia v. Lagay (1958): Refusal to permit petitioner to consult his counsel while being questioned by the state police did not of itself violate the Fourteenth Amendment.