Hirabayashi v. U.S.(1943): Distinctions between citizens solely because of their ancestry are by their very nature odious to a free people whose institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality.

Korematsu v. U.S. (1944): All legal restrictions which curtail the cil rights of a single racial group are immediately suspect. That is not to say that all such restrictions are unconstitutional. It is to say that courts must subject them to the most rigid scrutiny.

Hernandez v. Texas (1954): The Fourteenth Amendment is not directed solely against discrimination due to a two-class theory - that is, based upon differences between white and Negro.

Board of Education v. Swann (1971): Under certain circumstances the remedial use of racial criteria is not only permissible but is constitutionally required to eradicate constitutional violations.

Green v. County School Board (1968): A public body which has itself been adjudged to have engaged in racial discrimination cannot bring itself into compliance with the Equal Protection Clause simply by ending its unlawful acts and adopting a neutral stance.